Human Rights Council
Fifty-eighth session
24 February–4 April 2025
Agenda item 6
Universal periodic review
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review *
Ethiopia
Introduction
1.The Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, established in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 5/1, held its forty-seventh session from 4 to 15 November 2024. The review of Ethiopia was held at the 13th meeting, on 12 November 2024. The delegation of Ethiopia was headed by State Minister of Justice, Belayihun Yirga Kifle. At its 17th meeting, held on 15 November 2024, the Working Group adopted the report on Ethiopia.
2.On 10 January 2024, the Human Rights Council selected the following group of rapporteurs (troika) to facilitate the review of Ethiopia: Algeria, Bangladesh and Netherlands (Kingdom of the).
3.In accordance with paragraph 15 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21, the following documents were issued for the review of Ethiopia:
(a)A national report submitted/written presentation made in accordance with paragraph 15 (a);
(b)A compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in accordance with paragraph 15 (b);
(c)A summary prepared by OHCHR in accordance with paragraph 15 (c).
4.A list of questions prepared in advance by Belgium, Costa Rica, Germany, Liechtenstein, Portugal, on behalf of the Group of Friends on national mechanisms for implementation, reporting and follow-up, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America was transmitted to Ethiopia through the troika. These questions are available on the website of the universal periodic review.
I.Summary of the proceedings of the review process
A.Presentation by the State under review
5.The delegation of Ethiopia stated that Ethiopia had consistently valued the universal periodic review mechanism as an important tool for reinforcing good governance and promoting sustainable development and international cooperation in advancing human rights, and that the country had made diligent efforts to implement the recommendations from the previous review that it had supported. The national report had been prepared by an interministerial team coordinated by the Ministry of Justice, in consultation with government agencies, national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, the parliament and academia. A national monitoring, reporting and follow-up mechanism had been established to implement recommendations from human rights mechanisms. A national human rights data-collection mechanism had been developed in collaboration with OHCHR.
6.The renewed mandate of and reforms to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission had enabled the Commission to comply with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles) and to be accredited as an A status institution.
7.New legislation had been adopted to reinforce the judiciary’s institutional independence and operational autonomy and had been instrumental in advancing judicial self-administration. The legislation was also aimed at expediting court proceedings and ensuring due process, with special emphasis on protecting the rights of women, children and persons with disabilities. The adoption of the National Legal Aid Strategy would increase access to justice, especially for vulnerable and marginalized communities.
8.The electoral laws had been revised to ensure the independence of the National Election Board of Ethiopia and ensure inclusive participation in elections, particularly for vulnerable groups.
9.The new proclamation on civil society organizations had simplified registration processes and had eliminated funding ceilings, among other things, with the objective of promoting freedom of association.
10.The new media law had decriminalized defamation and established an independent media authority to safeguard media freedoms and to foster a diverse and vibrant media landscape.
11.A new proclamation enacted with a view to improving detention conditions provided for the construction of facilities that met international standards, an increase in the subsistence allowance for prisoners, the development of separate accommodation for women and juvenile offenders and a dedicated rehabilitation centre for youth.
12.The Ethiopian National Dialogue Commission, established in 2021 to address the root causes of the deep division and conflict in the country and mend historical grievances with the objective of ensuring peace, had made significant progress in facilitating open, inclusive and transparent dialogue.
13.Since the signing of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement in 2022, Ethiopia had taken major strides, including by rebuilding conflict-affected areas and restoring essential services in Tigray, and had remained focused on transforming the Agreement into lasting peace.
14.In April 2024, a national victim-centred transitional justice policy had been adopted to ensure accountability for past grave human rights violations, promote truth-seeking, foster reconciliation, provide reparative measures to victims and undertake institutional reforms. The policy reflected the perseverance of Ethiopia in implementing the report of the joint investigation carried out by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission and OHCHR, and the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement. Five essential pieces of legislation had been drafted to implement the policy and were ready for public and stakeholder consultation.
15.The Government had urged all armed groups involved in the conflicts in Oromia and Amhara to engage in dialogue and negotiation directed towards securing peace and reconciliation. Two rounds of negotiations had been conducted with the Oromo Liberation Army. Moreover, in Amhara, regional peace councils had been working diligently to facilitate discussions among the various factions and groups, despite the challenges posed by their disorganized command structures and fragmented leadership.
16.Equal importance had been placed on both socioeconomic rights and civil and political rights, as those rights had been recognized as being inherently indivisible and interdependent. Ethiopia had remained committed to ensuring the full realization of socioeconomic rights and civil and political rights in equal measure.
17.In 2019, the Green Legacy Initiative had been launched in response to climate change, with the objective of fostering a climate-resilient economy that ensured food sovereignty and expanded forest coverage. The Initiative had since become a national flagship programme and had led to 21 million volunteers planting over 25 billion seedlings, which had resulted in an increase in forest coverage.
18.Since 2019, Ethiopia had made significant progress in wheat production, which had advanced the realization of socioeconomic rights, particularly in the areas of food security and agricultural sustainability. In 2023, Ethiopia had reached a milestone by achieving self‑sufficiency in wheat production and had been able satisfy the domestic demand for wheat. Ethiopia had also begun exporting wheat.
19.Significant measures had been taken to prevent trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, which included the conclusion of bilateral agreements with destination countries and the enactment of legislation, including the Overseas Employment Proclamation. However, Ethiopia had continued to face challenges in managing migration and preventing irregular migration, particularly trafficking in persons, which required coordinated international cooperation.
B.Interactive dialogue and responses by the State under review
20.During the interactive dialogue, 114 delegations made statements. Recommendations made during the dialogue are to be found in section II of the present report.
21.Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, the Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, the Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Republic of Tanzania, the United States of America, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Algeria, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Italy, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, the Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, the Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, the Holy See, Iceland, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Niger made statements. The complete version of the statements can be found in the webcast archived on the United Nations website.
22.The delegation of Ethiopia stated that Ethiopia was committed to ensuring accountability for any human rights violations. In that regard, significant strides had been made, including in strengthening the independence of the judiciary, strengthening the mandate of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, promptly deploying investigators and prosecutors to sites of alleged atrocities and facilitating access for OHCHR to enable it to conduct joint investigations with the Commission.
23.During the reporting period, 2,117 persons had been charged with crimes allegedly committed in the context of the conflict. They included high-ranking and mid-level military officials, police officers and local administration leaders. Moreover, investigations by the Ethiopian National Defence Force, through its military justice mechanism, had resulted in convictions and sentences, including of life imprisonment.
24.An interministerial task force had rigorously collected and preserved voluminous evidence from Tigray, Amhara and Afar, including 10,069 witness testimonies, 3,087 written documents and 2,599 video and photographic records.
25.With a view to effectively implementing the transitional justice process nationwide, in line with the transitional justice policy, five proclamations relating to the recognition of international crimes, including crimes against humanity and war crimes, the establishment of an institutional and law reform commission, and the creation of a post of special prosecutor, a special judicial bench and a truth and reconciliation commission had been drafted and were ready for public and stakeholder consultation.
26.Child and women protection units, specializing in investigations and prosecutions, and child- and victim-friendly benches had been established in all federal and regional courts. Eighty-two one-stop centres had been opened across the country to provide medical and psychological care, legal support and temporary shelter for survivors of sexual violence. A simplified process for reporting gender-based violence had been introduced at safe houses and rehabilitation centres.
27.Medical and psychosocial assistance was being provided to victims of sexual and gender-based violence in Amhara and Afar. A project focusing on skills training and the economic rehabilitation of victims of sexual and gender-based violence was under way. Five safe houses and rehabilitation centres in conflict-affected localities/woredas of Amhara and Afar had been built with government funding, and thousands of psychosocial support providers in Afar and Amhara had received training from the Ministry of Women and Social Affairs.
28.The Ethiopian National Defence Force had been trained in international humanitarian law and had consistently directed its operations towards legitimate military targets. However, the frequent use of civilian sites, such as places of worship, schools and medical facilities, as military bases by insurgent forces had raised challenges for the Ethiopian National Defence Force.
29.Since the previous review, Ethiopia had submitted periodic reports in fulfilment of its reporting obligations arising from the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
30.Ethiopia had welcomed visits from the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and OHCHR in 2019 and 2023, respectively. The Chair/Rapporteur of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances and the Special Rapporteur on the right to development had attended a human rights conference in Ethiopia. Ethiopia had responded in a timely manner to communications from special procedures. However, some requests for visits from special procedures had not been accommodated due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the armed conflict in the northern part of the country.
31.The International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia had been established while Ethiopia had been taking crucial steps to carry out and implement the recommendations from the joint investigation report of OHCHR and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. Consequently, Ethiopia had consistently maintained that establishing the Commission had been unnecessary, as it duplicated work already under way and risked impeding meaningful progress on the ground. Nonetheless, Ethiopia had demonstrated good faith and willingness to engage with the Commission and had granted it access to the country with a view to proposing reasonable guidelines for its work. Regrettably, despite that cooperation, the Commission’s members had chosen to move forward with their preconceived views, which had influenced the Commission’s report, which lacked credibility. As a result, Ethiopia had objected to the report in its entirety, despite the country’s history of working closely with United Nations human rights mechanisms.
32.The media law, which had replaced previous, repressive laws, empowered the Ethiopian Media Authority to act as an independent regulatory body, ensured that media oversight remained free from executive influence, allowed for foreign investment in the national media sector and recognized the right to form media associations, which had led to the establishment of the Ethiopian Media Council.
33.The capacity, impartiality and independence of the National Election Board of Ethiopia had been amplified by a 2019 proclamation, which allowed for the involvement of stakeholders in the process of nominating board members and had removed any political influence over the Board.
34.The new electoral law had lifted restrictions on election observers and candidates, established clear grievance-handling mechanisms, strengthened due process rights and encouraged inclusivity and broader political participation through improved incentives, with a specific focus on boosting the participation of vulnerable groups. The endorsement requirement of 5,000 signatures for independent candidates had been reduced to 3,000signatures for persons with disabilities and allowed for the allocation of additional election funding to political parties with candidates with disabilities. The media law complemented those measures by mandating broadcasters to set aside additional airtime free of charge for the election campaigns of political parties with candidates with disabilities. The electoral law recognized the unique challenges faced by internally displaced persons and made provision for them to vote at designated polling stations in areas in which they temporarily resided. The COVID-19 pandemic had forced the postponement of the national election scheduled for 2020, which had led to the election being held in 2021. The participation of persons with disabilities had reached unprecedented levels, and women’s representation in the legislature had also dramatically increased.
35.The five-year Ethiopia Health Sector Transformation Plan aimed at ensuring the achievement of the three components of universal health coverage was being implemented. In 2024, the 1993 health policy had been revised to focus on primary healthcare and the equity and quality of health services. Health posts and health centres had been expanded, and the health extension programme had continued to deliver cost-effective basic services.
36.Family planning services were available in almost all public health facilities, and there had been an increase in the coverage of reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health services. In 2023, 75 per cent of pregnant women had received delivery services in health facilities. There had also been a 66 per cent increase in the number of women who had received comprehensive abortion care services in the previous five years, which had resulted in a reduction in the maternal mortality rate, and obstetric fistula prevention, treatment and reintegration services had been prioritized.
37.All health facilities offered integrated management of newborn and childhood illnesses to minimize child mortality and improve children’s health, which had led to a decrease in the neonatal mortality rate in 2023. Disability corners were being established in health facilities to ensure equitable access for persons with disabilities.
38.Under the HIV/AIDS national strategic plan, 90 per cent of all people living with HIV knew their status, and 94 per cent of them were receiving drug therapy. A plan to eliminate malaria and a strategy to eradicate tuberculosis were in place. A strategy focusing on the reduction of risky behaviours and the promotion of a healthy lifestyle had been developed, and other strategies had been implemented to improve hygiene and environmental health.
39.The health system had been challenged by the impact of conflict in some parts of the country. Efforts had been made to restore damaged facilities and provide health services to internally displaced persons in shelters.
40.A public health management system at the national and subnational levels had been developed to coordinate and strengthen all efforts to prevent, detect and respond to public health emergencies.
41.A national health sector accountability strategy had been developed to handle complaints pertaining to drug availability, professional integrity and infrastructure-related grievance mechanisms in 864 districts.
42.The revised Education and Training Policy enabled students to spend at least 20 per cent of their time on practical education related to their future field of work. It also provided for ongoing professional development and a professional licensing system to enable teachers, trainers and educational leaders to improve their competencies.
43.A draft proclamation on education, which was undergoing a validation process, would provide for a national education fund to support various educational initiatives. Different strategies continued to be implemented to address the numerous challenges associated with the provision of quality and inclusive education. Targets to increase the enrolment of students with disabilities had been set in the Education Sector Development Roadmap (2020–2025). A proclamation enacted in 2019 provided for refugees to have access to early childhood care and primary education in the same circumstances as nationals.
44.The national school feeding policy framework was being implemented to ensure sustainable national school feeding programmes. The Pastoralist Education Strategy had been developed to provide special support for pastoralist communities and ensure the provision of quality education.
45.In 2021, lessons for students from the first to the twelfth grades had been televised due to school closures necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons had also been delivered in sign language.
46.In 2023, a proclamation to provide for the autonomy of universities had been enacted to enhance the quality and effectiveness of higher education institutions and their international competitiveness.
47.Refugees had been provided with a range of rights, including access to quality education, essential healthcare services and the opportunity to seek employment, pursuant to the Refugees Proclamation. The Proclamation was implemented through regulatory frameworks and guidelines, including a directive on the right to work. Significant steps had been taken, including through a “whole-of-government” approach, to create an enabling environment to promote the inclusion of refugees in the socioeconomic sector. Considerable efforts had been made to improve birth registration, which served to provide legal identity, mitigate the risk of statelessness and ensure that refugee children had access to basic rights and essential services.
48.A draft proclamation to prevent internal displacement, provide necessary protection and assistance and ensure safe corridors for humanitarian access had been prepared. The safe and voluntary relocation of internally displaced persons had been provided for in strategic frameworks such as the 2019 Durable Solutions Initiative and the 2020 National Social Protection Policy.
49.Ethiopia had been working alongside United Nations agencies and various non‑governmental organizations to enhance protection and improve assistance for internally displaced persons. That collaboration had focused on breaking down administrative barriers that impeded the flow of aid.
50.In 2024, a comprehensive national policy and strategy on disaster risk management had been developed.
51.Ensuring the right to work was guided by the National Employment Policy and Strategy, the Manufacturing Industry Policy, the Plan of Action for Job Creation, the Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda, the second Growth and Transformation Plan and the current 10-year National Development Plan, among others. In addition, the amendment of several pieces of legislation and the enactment of new legislation had enshrined provisions aimed at creating jobs and ensuring favourable conditions of work.
52.In relation to the right to social security, the coverage of the Productive Safety Net Programme had been widened to accommodate an increased number of beneficiaries. There had also been improvements in the social security scheme covering public and private sector employees through legislative amendments and the introduction of the pension adjustment range, among other measures.
53.Wheat production had been revolutionized through the use of improved, climate‑resilient, high-yielding and heat-tolerant wheat varieties, which had led to a substantial increase in crop production. The Participatory Small-Scale Irrigation Development Programme (2017–2024) had contributed to ensuring food security at the household level.
54.Several measures had been introduced to address water scarcity, accessibility and affordability, including the One WASH National Programme, which had enabled more than 20 million people to gain access to clean water. The second phase of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project had brought huge investments in piped water systems, contributing to a rise in water supply coverage and better sanitation facilities in cities, with a focus on affordability for low-income households. The urban development policy had been implemented in relation to access to land and housing and infrastructure development, among other areas. Corridor development efforts had offered potential benefits, including economic growth, job creation and infrastructure improvement.
55.Sustained economic growth over the previous decade had led to significant progress in reducing poverty and hunger and in improving health, education and living conditions. There had also been improvements in development fuelled by the Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda. Sectors key to alleviating poverty, such as agriculture, education, health, water, roads and natural resources management, had been prioritized and received about two thirds of the budget.
56.Measures had been taken to eradicate violence against women and girls and included the strict enforcement of relevant criminal laws, the conducting of media campaigns and dialogues with religious and community leaders, conversations in schools, the establishment of hotlines on gender-based violence and harmful traditional practices, the prioritization of the eradication of gender-based violence in the 10-year National Development Plan, the implementation of the national costed road map to end child marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting and the revision of the strategic plan for an integrated and multisectoral response to violence against women and children and child justice in 2023, among others. In the context of the conflict, the transitional justice policy provided for the prosecution of cases of sexual violence, psychological support and counselling and the availability of rehabilitation and shelters.
57.The delegation stated that Ethiopia acknowledged the existence of challenges, particularly in relation to the armed conflict and the impact of climate change, but remained committed to addressing them in a manner that respected the rights and freedoms of all Ethiopians and ensured sustainable peace and development.
II.Conclusions and/or recommendations
58. The following recommendations will be examined by Ethiopia, which will provide responses in due time, but no later than the fifty-eighth session of the Human Rights Council:
58.1 Finalize the work under way on acceding to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Madagascar);
58.2 Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Côte d’Ivoire) (Senegal) (South Sudan);
58.3 Continue its deliberations on becoming a party to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Thailand);
58.4 Proceed with completing the procedures for acceding to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Iraq);
58.5 Expedite the process of acceding to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Japan);
58.6 Consider ratifying the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Chile) (Malawi) (Senegal);
58.7 Ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Croatia) (France) (Niger) (Zambia);
58.8 Ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (Mongolia);
58.9 Ratify the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Costa Rica);
58.10 Ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Denmark) (France) (Ukraine);
58.11 Continue its efforts to strengthen its legal framework relating to human rights by ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Burkina Faso);
58.12 Consider ratifying the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (Namibia);
58.13 Ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (Madagascar) (Poland) (Spain) ;
58.14 Ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, as previously recommended (Czechia);
58.15 Consider acceding to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and ratifying the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Colombia);
58.16 Consider acceding to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Namibia);
58.17 Consider accession to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Madagascar);
58.18 Accede to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and fully align national legislation with all obligations under the Rome Statute (Estonia);
58.19 Ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Liechtenstein);
58.20 Ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (Mexico);
58.21 Ratify the Arms Trade Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions (Panama);
58.22 Ratify the core human rights treaties to which it is not yet a party, as well as the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Paraguay);
58.23 Ratify all the core human rights instruments to which it is not yet a party (Italy);
58.24 Continue cooperating with United Nations and African Union human rights mechanisms (Malawi);
58.25 Continue the Ethiopian Government’s cooperation with the international human rights mechanisms of the United Nations and the African Union (Russian Federation);
58.26 Continue its engagement with human rights mechanisms to further promote and protect the rights of its people (Cambodia);
58.27 Fulfil its reporting obligations to the various treaty bodies and extend a standing invitation to all special procedure mandate holders (New Zealand);
58.28 Extend a standing invitation to the United Nations special procedure mandate holders (Ukraine);
58.29 Extend a standing invitation to the special procedures, as previously recommended (Czechia);
58.30 Extend an open and standing invitation to special procedure mandate holders to visit the country (Paraguay);
58.31 Extend standing invitations to United Nations special procedure mandate holders and provide them with unhindered access to all regions of the country (Lithuania);
58.32 Allow rapid and unfettered access for humanitarian agencies and human rights defenders to all areas of the country (New Zealand);
58.33 Grant unhindered access to international and local human rights monitors, including to detention sites and conflict zones (United States of America);
58.34 Strengthen international cooperation with the actors it deems relevant in order to continue promoting human rights in its territory (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
58.35 Fully implement the recommendations made by the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia (Liechtenstein);
58.36 Raise the minimum age of criminal responsibility to bring the juvenile justice system into line with international standards (Colombia);
58.37 Raise the age of criminal responsibility to bring it into line with international standards (Congo);
58.38 Pursue and strengthen the implementation of its transitional justice policy in order to establish a credible, victim-centred, transparent and independent process in compliance with international norms and standards (Belgium);
58.39 Ensure the implementation of transitional justice in a human rights and victim-centred manner (Cyprus);
58.40 Implement the transitional justice policy and road map, including impartial, people-centred, human rights-compliant justice processes (Ireland);
58.41 Strengthen accountability efforts for atrocities, especially through the implementation of a transitional justice process compliant with international standards (Austria);
58.42 Undertake all efforts to implement a credible, victim-centred, human rights-compliant transitional justice process and commence investigations without delay (Croatia);
58.43 Implement an effective, victim-centred, human rights-compliant, transparent transitional justice process focusing on northern Ethiopia and ensuring accountability by establishing an independent court and commencing investigations without delay (Germany);
58.44 Strengthen implementation mechanisms for the newly adopted transitional justice policy (Kenya);
58.45 Build on the progress made in the transitional justice process, including the development of the transitional justice policy, and ensure that the process is inclusive and based on international and regional legal standards (Switzerland);
58.46 Follow up on the transitional justice policy, the national dialogue process and the demobilization, demilitarization and reintegration process, by ensuring consistent and credible implementation (Italy);
58.47 Carry out a credible, inclusive, victim-centred and transparent accountability and transitional justice process, in line with regional and international human rights standards and involving international expertise (Sweden);
58.48 Align the ongoing transitional justice policy with international legal obligations to guarantee accountability, justice, reparations, and guarantees of non-repetition (Norway);
58.49 Continue efforts to ensure access to justice for victims, by accelerating the implementation of transitional justice and reparation mechanisms in an inclusive and transparent manner (Cameroon);
58.50 Ensure that all state constitutions respect the equal right of participation in political and public life for all ethnicities in all states of the federation (Gambia);
58.51 Continue taking effective actions to protect the rights of all people affected by conflicts, especially vulnerable groups, such as women and children (Indonesia);
58.52 Integrate gender equality and intergenerational equity into every humanitarian policy (Angola);
58.53 Adopt and implement Ethiopia’s third National Human Rights Action Plan (Canada);
58.54 Continue to work towards ensuring the independence of the national human rights institution and enhancing its capacities (Oman);
58.55 Continue to strengthen the capacity of the national human rights institutions, including the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission and the institution of the Ombudsman, to promote human rights and good governance (Belarus);
58.56 Continue to strengthen the independence and capacity of the national human rights institutions, such as the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (Vanuatu);
58.57 Strengthen the national human rights institution by ensuring adequate funding, fully adhere to Paris Principles and ensure access to all areas of concern (Croatia);
58.58 Further strengthen the national human rights institutions and ensure adequate funding (Cyprus);
58.59 Continue to provide support to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, including by providing adequate funding to enable it to carry out its functions independently and effectively (Bulgaria);
58.60 Continue providing financial support to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (Georgia);
58.61 Provide adequate funding to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, fully adhering to the Paris Principles and ensuring access to all regions of concern (Germany);
58.62 Continue strengthening the national human rights institutions to promote and protect the rights of women and children (Uzbekistan);
58.63 Establish a permanent national mechanism for the implementation, reporting and monitoring of recommendations on human rights, considering the possibility of receiving cooperation for this purpose (Paraguay);
58.64 Enhance measures to prevent and eradicate all forms of discrimination, including on the grounds of race, sex, religion and disability (Indonesia);
58.65 Guarantee the protection of human rights for all individuals without distinction as to their origin (France);
58.66 Provide effective protection against discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity and ensure equality for all ethnic groups (Poland);
58.67 Intensify human rights education and training programmes, placing emphasis on gender equality, the rights of the child and other persons in situations of vulnerability (Philippines);
58.68 Take measures to ensure gender equality in federal, regional and local decision-making processes, in legislative and judicial functions (Luxembourg);
58.69 Establish a moratorium on the death penalty with a view to abolishing it and take steps towards commuting the sentences of those on death row to life imprisonment (Liechtenstein);
58.70 Establish a moratorium on the death penalty with a view to abolishing it (Lithuania);
58.71 Establish a moratorium on the death penalty and consider its total abolition (Chile);
58.72 Establish a de jure moratorium on the death penalty with a view to abolishing it (Ukraine);
58.73 Establish a de jure moratorium on the death penalty and ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (Estonia);
58.74 Establish a formal moratorium on the death penalty as a step towards complete abolition (Australia);
58.75 Adopt a de jure moratorium on executions with a view to formally abolishing the death penalty (Italy);
58.76 Formalize the de facto moratorium on the death penalty with a view to a total abolition and ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Portugal);
58.77 Establish a moratorium on the death penalty and amend the Criminal Code so that the definition of torture is fully in line with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Colombia);
58.78 Abolish the death penalty (France);
58.79 Abolish the death penalty and ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (Iceland);
58.80 Strengthen national legislation in line with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Second Optional Protocol thereto, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (Costa Rica);
58.81 Amend current legislation to reduce the number of types of crimes punishable by death, with a view to total abolition (Paraguay);
58.82 Adopt measures to commute the sentences of those sentenced to death to life imprisonment (Togo);
58.83 Enact legislation on the crime of torture in accordance with the standards prescribed in the Convention against Torture, and effectively address all complaints of torture (Gambia);
58.84 Enact a law that defines and punishes the crime of torture, in accordance with the definition of the Convention against Torture, as well as establishing its imprescriptibility (Paraguay);
58.85 Intensify efforts to enact comprehensive legislation on the crime of torture in line with the Convention against Torture (Bangladesh);
58.86 Enact comprehensive legislation on the crime of torture, in line with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, as pledged by Ethiopia in the context of the Human Rights 75 initiative (Liechtenstein);
58.87 Develop and implement a comprehensive legal framework governing the use of force by the security forces (Sierra Leone);
58.88 Strengthen laws and policies against the torture and ill-treatment of detainees (Botswana);
58.89 Intensify efforts to combat torture, including through the adoption of legislation in line with international standards (Lebanon);
58.90 Continue independent and transparent investigations into all allegations of torture in places of detention and ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, as previously recommended (Czechia);
58.91 Bolster efforts to investigate acts of excessive use of force by police and security forces, particularly during protests (Lesotho);
58.92 Strengthen the effectiveness of mechanisms for monitoring the conditions of places of detention in the prevention of ill-treatment (Morocco);
58.93 Promptly order a transparent and impartial investigation into allegations of torture and ill-treatment, executions and enforced disappearances in all federal and regional detention facilities, including irregular facilities, and ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (New Zealand);
58.94 Continue its efforts to establish transparent, independent and impartial investigations into allegations of torture and ill-treatment in all federal and regional detention centres and police stations (Switzerland);
58.95 Ensure that all instances of excessive use of force by police and security forces are promptly, impartially and effectively investigated and that those responsible are brought to justice and that victims are granted reparations (Liechtenstein);
58.96 Ensure that conditions of detention comply with international human rights standards, notably the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Togo);
58.97 Ensure that detention conditions are in compliance with relevant international human rights standards, including the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) (Denmark);
58.98 Guarantee respect for the fundamental legal rights of all persons in places of detention (Gambia);
58.99 Ensure that conditions in prison comply with the Nelson Mandela Rules (South Africa);
58.100 Take further measures to ensure that the conditions of detention are in line with the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), and the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) (Thailand);
58.101 Combat prison overcrowding and improve the conditions of detention, in keeping with international standards (Libya);
58.102 Step up efforts to end arbitrary detentions of human rights defenders and activists (Chile);
58.103 Continue to take concrete steps to address impunity and accountability for human rights violations (Sierra Leone);
58.104 Take strong measures to curb the illegal possession, proliferation, and use of small arms and light weapons, in particular in conflict-afflicted regions (Holy See);
58.105 Fully uphold humanitarian principles and international humanitarian law by protecting civilians and ensuring that humanitarian actors have safe and unhindered access to those in need (Sweden);
58.106 Ensure the protection of civilians, especially women and children, in conflict areas and prosecute alleged violations of international humanitarian and human rights law (Austria);
58.107 Continue strengthening measures for the protection of the civilian population in areas affected by conflict, guaranteeing respect for human rights in line with international standards (Costa Rica);
58.108 Strengthen the protection of human rights in conflict zones and ensure accountability for violations (Mozambique);
58.109 Ensure accountability for all human rights violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, especially with regard to sexual and gender-based violence and to ensure access to justice for victims of such crimes (Slovenia);
58.110 Ensure accountability for all violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law (Lithuania);
58.111 Investigate and prosecute all allegations of ethnicity-based human rights violations and violations of international humanitarian law (Gambia);
58.112 Continue to implement in a sovereign manner its economic reform plans aimed at addressing macroeconomic challenges and promoting inclusive and sustainable socioeconomic development, without interference in its internal affairs (Nicaragua);
58.113 Continue to strive to achieve the objectives of the National Economic and Social Development Plan (Oman);
58.114 Continue ongoing measures to promote good governance and to enhance transparency and accountability in public administration and government institutions (Sri Lanka);
58.115 Further strengthen administrative and legal measures to combat corruption and to promote good governance, transparency and accountability (Bangladesh);
58.116 Strengthen institutional mechanisms to bring harmony to society through dialogue and the resolution of differences through peaceful means (India);
58.117 Establish strong monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track the progress of the transitional justice process and ensure accountability (Sierra Leone);
58.118 Enable the genuine participation of civil society, the media, and non ‑ governmental organizations in public affairs and decision-making, including by removing legal and procedural obstacles to their activities (Austria);
58.119 Encourage political parties and the general population to actively support the Ethiopian National Dialogue Commission (Holy See);
58.120 Redouble efforts to ensure the independence of the judiciary by increasing its administrative budget and strengthening its institutional capacity (Lesotho);
58.121 Ensure the independence of the judiciary in the transitional justice process by establishing an independent vetting and assessment process for judges (Canada);
58.122 Continue to strengthen the human resource capacity of the justice system for improved access to justice by citizens (Zimbabwe);
58.123 Strengthen the independence of the judiciary to make it free from all influence of the executive and to ensure that law enforcement officials are held to account (Libya);
58.124 Continue its efforts towards ensuring justice and accountability in an inclusive and transparent manner (Türkiye);
58.125 Fully investigate, prosecute and hold accountable all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses, in accordance with international human rights law and standards, to promote national reconciliation and the rule of law (Canada);
58.126 Ensure that all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses be held to account (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland);
58.127 Intensify efforts for the investigation of all credible allegations of crimes and human rights violations committed by all parties to the armed conflict since the end of 2020 (Ukraine);
58.128 Establish effective and transparent judicial mechanisms to ensure that those responsible for all killings of humanitarian workers over the past four years are held accountable, as well as to ensure their protection in the performance of their work (Spain);
58.129 Issue a command directive to Ethiopian security forces that prohibits human rights violations and holds those responsible accountable through transparent, victim-centred judicial processes (United States of America);
58.130 Ensure that civil and political rights are protected and upheld, particularly the freedoms of expression and assembly (New Zealand);
58.131 Protect and uphold civil and political rights, particularly the freedoms of expression and assembly, including for human rights defenders (Australia);
58.132 Enhance initiatives to guarantee the fundamental freedoms and rights enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Japan);
58.133 Guarantee freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom of the media, particularly through the enhanced protection of human rights defenders and journalists in the country, including by effectively abolishing measures taken under the state of emergency (Kingdom of the Netherlands);
58.134 Respect the freedoms of expression, association, and peaceful assembly and ensure the protection and safety of journalists, human rights defenders, and politicians from human rights violations and abuses perpetrated by State and non-State actors (Norway);
58.135 Ensure freedom of opinion and expression by safeguarding media independence and protecting journalists from harassment and violence (Republic of Korea);
58.136 Ensure that the rights to freedom of expression and assembly are respected and that journalists, civil society and human rights defenders can carry out their activities without being subjected to intimidation, reprisals, or arbitrary arrest (Belgium);
58.137 Protect freedom of expression and investigate allegations of the harassment, intimidation and arbitrary arrest of journalists and human rights defenders (Luxembourg);
58.138 Enact laws and put in place measures to protect journalists and other human rights activists and repeal any legislation that hinders freedom of expression and opinion (Ghana);
58.139 Ensure an enabling and safe environment for human rights defenders, journalists and civil society (Spain);
58.140 Ensure that human rights defenders are able to carry out their work in all areas of the country (Sweden);
58.141 Protect journalists, human rights defenders, and members of the political opposition against harassment, attacks or undue interference and end the practice of arresting, detaining and prosecuting them (Germany);
58.142 Release those detained for exercising freedoms of expression or peaceful assembly, including civil society leaders, journalists, and opposition members (United States of America);
58.143 Take measures to enforce the media law, eliminating barriers that limit the effective exercise of press freedom (Chile);
58.144 Continue to implement actions that guarantee the effective application of the new media law (Cuba);
58.145 Provide special protection for educational infrastructure in areas affected by armed conflict and consider adhering to the Safe Schools Declaration (Colombia);
58.146 Set the legal age for marriage at 18 years and ensure the implementation of existing legal provisions that protect children, including the ban on female genital mutilation (Iceland);
58.147 Sustain committed efforts to end child marriage and marriage by abduction (Philippines);
58.148 Strengthen efforts to combat, prevent and punish trafficking in persons and provide adequate training to all relevant State officials, including judges, prosecutors, law enforcement officials and security forces (Maldives);
58.149 Strengthen efforts to combat, prevent and punish trafficking in persons, including by providing adequate training to all relevant State officials (Lebanon);
58.150 Continue efforts to combat trafficking in persons, particularly the exploitation of children and women, by strengthening the fight against traffickers (Djibouti);
58.151 Beef up measures to combat, prevent and punish trafficking in persons (Lesotho);
58.152 Take further measures to combat human trafficking through various legal and institutional mechanisms (Azerbaijan);
58.153 Enhance the capacity of federal and regional bodies to enforce Proclamation No. 1178/2020 on the prevention of trafficking and migrant smuggling (Islamic Republic of Iran);
58.154 Improve support for survivors of conflict-related sexual and gender ‑ based violence, by strengthening their access to justice and legal counsel and their access to health and social services, while ensuring that they are actively participating in decision-making processes (Belgium);
58.155 Strengthen measures to reduce gender pay gaps and promote decent work for all (Nepal);
58.156 Continue the expansion of the public social protection programme (Morocco);
58.157 Redouble efforts to promote social protection and improve the living conditions of the population, particularly vulnerable groups (Congo);
58.158 Continue to improve social security and ensure that everyone has access to basic medical services and quality education (China);
58.159 Continue efforts to strengthen social security systems and ensure inclusive social protection for all citizens (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea);
58.160 Continue to take further measures to enhance the economic, social and cultural rights of its people (Azerbaijan);
58.161 Continue to prioritize access to adequate housing, clean water and sanitation services for marginalized populations (Malaysia);
58.162 Take measures to increase the proportion of households and public areas with improved sanitation services (United Republic of Tanzania);
58.163 Prioritize economic rights by increasing investments in health, education and social services (Mozambique);
58.164 Strengthen equitable access to economic opportunities and essential services (Pakistan);
58.165 Strengthen programmes to combat poverty to guarantee equal access to economic opportunities and essential services for all, particularly in underserved areas (Cameroon);
58.166 Reinforce poverty alleviation programmes through equitable access to economic opportunities and essential services (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea);
58.167 Continue ongoing measures for poverty reduction, access to healthcare and quality education (India);
58.168 Reinforce poverty alleviation programmes by ensuring equitable access to economic opportunities and essential services (Islamic Republic of Iran);
58.169 Continue to implement national programmes and projects in favour of the communities most in need (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
58.170 Continue to build on the success achieved in the framework of agricultural development and achieving self-sufficiency in food (Syrian Arab Republic);
58.171 Continue to develop agricultural technology to boost productivity and ensure food security for vulnerable populations (Cuba);
58.172 Continue the national efforts made by the Government in the process of developing small and medium-sized enterprises (Syrian Arab Republic);
58.173 Continue investment in small-scale irrigation programmes and agricultural technology to enhance productivity and ensure food security for vulnerable populations (Eritrea);
58.174 Strengthen universal health coverage by improving health financing mechanisms, enabling all citizens to access essential health services without financial hardship (Eritrea);
58.175 Pursue its efforts to provide universal access to health for all its citizens (Mauritius);
58.176 Enhance health financing mechanisms to ensure that all citizens can access essential health services without financial hardship (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) (Islamic Republic of Iran);
58.177 Strengthen efforts in the field of health services, and implement national strategies in this regard (Kuwait);
58.178 Continue its efforts to improve the accessibility, quality and community engagement of existing one-stop centres, including in rural and hard-to-reach areas, by establishing a safe and low-cost transport service (Burkina Faso);
58.179 Strengthen the effective implementation of national health strategies and programmes to ensure access to quality healthcare services for all its citizens, especially those living in rural areas (Lao People’s Democratic Republic);
58.180 Increase access to health services in rural areas (Qatar);
58.181 Accelerate efforts towards achieving universal health coverage, with increased focus on the development of health services in rural areas (Sri Lanka);
58.182 Continue efforts aimed at increasing access to and the quality of health services in rural areas (Algeria);
58.183 Continue improving service accessibility for persons affected by leprosy and their families (Angola);
58.184 Consider investing in more initiatives to further reduce the rate of stillbirth in the country (United Republic of Tanzania);
58.185 Decriminalize abortion and ensure the effective provision of sexual and reproductive services (Iceland);
58.186 Advance the right to education by guaranteeing free and public education until the twelfth grade and by enshrining the right to education in the Ethiopian Constitution (Portugal);
58.187 Ensure that the right to education is guaranteed legally for all without any distinction (Mongolia);
58.188 Promote the adoption of legislation guaranteeing the right to education for girls, boys and adolescents and the equality of all ethnic groups and ensure equal rights for women (Costa Rica);
58.189 Redouble efforts to adopt the draft proclamation on education to guarantee the right to education (Côte d’Ivoire);
58.190 Continue efforts to improve access to education and high-quality teaching, especially for vulnerable groups, including girls and children with disabilities (Cameroon);
58.191 Strengthen efforts to improve the quality of education by reducing dropout rates, and ensuring access to education for children with disabilities (Malaysia);
58.192 Take firm action to bring out-of-school children back to school (Finland);
58.193 Seek to ensure the rights of the child, broadening access to free education, with particular attention to girls and conflict-affected children (Brazil);
58.194 Guarantee the right to education, including in conflict zones (Luxembourg);
58.195 Take additional measures to continue efforts to strengthen the right to education and to ensure the schooling of children, especially girls (Djibouti);
58.196 Continue efforts to improve access to and the quality of education (Saudi Arabia);
58.197 Continue to invest resources in improving educational access and quality, particularly for marginalized groups (Viet Nam);
58.198 Make further efforts to provide quality education in an equitable and comprehensive manner (Qatar);
58.199 Take further measures to ensure education for all societal segments, including students with special educational needs (Angola);
58.200 Continue its efforts to improve access to education, particularly for children in remote areas (Singapore);
58.201 Continue national efforts to improve access to and the quality of education, including for girls and children with disabilities (Cuba);
58.202 Implement awareness-raising and training programmes in the field of human rights (United Arab Emirates);
58.203 Continue ongoing efforts for the further improvement of the education sector (Algeria);
58.204 Continue efforts to implement the education and training plan 2020–2030 and reform education policies and legislation (Kuwait);
58.205 Continue to implement government policies and programmes aimed at enhancing the right to education, giving further attention and resources to those with special needs and non-formal education sectors as appropriate (Sri Lanka);
58.206 Continue implementing human rights education programmes at all educational levels (Uzbekistan);
58.207 Continue national efforts relating to human rights education and training (Egypt);
58.208 Continue integrating human rights education into educational curricula (Kuwait);
58.209 Take actions to safeguard the rights of vulnerable communities affected by climate change (Nepal);
58.210 Continue to strengthen the green economy strategy capable of adapting to climate change (Oman);
58.211 Continue implementing its national policies to further improve water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (Cambodia);
58.212 Continue its national policies and programmes aimed at implementing the sustainable development agenda (Sudan);
58.213 Continue to strengthen the public policies implemented in favour of compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela);
58.214 Continue the implementation of the Homegrown Economic Reform Plan in the country to address macroeconomic challenges and promote inclusive and sustainable socioeconomic development (Belarus);
58.215 Strengthen efforts to implement the National Development Plan (2021–2030) (United Arab Emirates);
58.216 Continue to pursue the Home-Grown Economic Reform with a view to sustainable, social and economic development and promote poverty reduction (China);
58.217 Continue efforts to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development throughout the country (Tunisia);
58.218 Take further steps to implement institutional transformation and social inclusion within the National Development Plan for 2021–2030 (Uzbekistan);
58.219 Expand legal reforms aimed at creating an enabling business environment and promoting investment that are in line with the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2063 of the African Union (Belarus);
58.220 Ensure progress in developing a national action plan on business and human rights for more comprehensive protection against human rights abuses committed by business entities (Indonesia);
58.221 Intensify actions to ease tensions between ethnic groups and fulfil commitments under the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement in all conflict-affected areas, especially in Tigray region (Republic of Korea);
58.222 Step up efforts to implement the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement and the transitional justice policy (Colombia);
58.223 Take increasingly effective measures to put an end to violent intercommunal conflicts over land disputes, to address mass displacement and to intensify efforts to promote reconciliation among the population (Holy See);
58.224 Prioritize addressing the root causes of conflict and actively involve all affected communities in the reconciliation process (Sierra Leone);
58.225 Continue efforts to strengthen dialogue among communities and armed groups to sustain peace and reintegrate displaced persons and combatants into society (Vanuatu);
58.226 Resolve all internal conflicts in Ethiopia, with the most impact on human rights, through a commitment to genuine political processes (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland);
58.227 Continue efforts to normalize the human rights situation and improve living conditions for the population of the country, and to guarantee universal access to basic social services (Russian Federation);
58.228 Take concrete measures to stop hostilities and reduce the impact on civilians (Zambia);
58.229 Continue implementing its policies and programmes related to transitional justice, and implementing the demobilization, disarmament and reintegration programme (Sudan);
58.230 Ensure full implementation of the national dialogue process to foster national cohesion (Kenya);
58.231 Fully implement the Agreement for Lasting Peace Through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities and ensure accountability for all human rights violations (Estonia);
58.232 Ensure that the implementation of laws during a state of emergency is consistent with its obligations under international human rights law (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland);
58.233 Focus on protecting the human rights of women and girls and strengthening dialogue and cooperation in this field (Czechia);
58.234 Continue efforts to enhance women’s rights and the empowerment of women by creating an environment more conducive to increasing their educational, economic and political participation (Lao People’s Democratic Republic);
58.235 Strengthen existing interventions aimed at promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment by allocating additional resources (Botswana);
58.236 Strengthen women’s rights in national political processes of importance, such as the transitional justice process and the national dialogue, with a focus on the implementation of stated commitments to meaningful participation in and ownership of these processes by women (Kingdom of the Netherlands);
58.237 Increase efforts to improve the level of women’s participation in political life and their representation in appointed and elective positions (Mali);
58.238 Ensure the implementation of strategies that promote women’s political empowerment and ensure their political representation (Cyprus);
58.239 Continue its efforts towards increasing women’s representation in decision-making bodies (Nepal);
58.240 Consider mainstreaming the rights of women and girls with disabilities into legislation on gender equality (Namibia);
58.241 Strengthen programmes to promote women’s economic empowerment, including access to finance, vocational training and employment opportunities, particularly for women in rural areas (Viet Nam);
58.242 Continue and expand programmes that enhance women’s economic empowerment, including access to finance, vocational training and job opportunities, especially for women in rural areas (Saudi Arabia);
58.243 Continue to step up its efforts to expand economic opportunities for women and to increase their participation in education (Singapore);
58.244 Carry on with its efforts to strengthen the protection of women’s rights, particularly through promoting women’s access to income-generating activities (Georgia);
58.245 Further strengthen efforts to promote the rights of women and girls, including through the steady implementation of domestic legislation and strategies (Japan);
58.246 Take measures to ensure full equality between women and men, both in the public and the private spheres, guarantee respect for women’s rights, and put an end to early marriage and female genital mutilation (France);
58.247 Intensify efforts to ensure that rural women and girls have access to health services, education, employment, housing, safe water, and adequate sanitation (South Sudan);
58.248 Continue efforts to ensure that the most vulnerable segments of society, such as women, children and persons with disabilities, benefit from the country’s overall economic growth (Djibouti);
58.249 Continue to pursue policies and measures related to the protection of the rights of specific groups, such as women, children, persons with disabilities, migrants and refugees, and combat human trafficking and other criminal acts (China);
58.250 Develop policy interventions such as subsidies on menstrual hygiene products for effective menstrual hygiene management (Kenya);
58.251 Undertake legislative reform to adequately prohibit harmful traditional practices (South Africa);
58.252 Continue its efforts in the development of legislation to address and prevent violence against women (Mauritius);
58.253 Enact a comprehensive law on gender-based violence, and take further steps to prevent conflict-related sexual violence (Gambia);
58.254 Adopt a comprehensive and inclusive law on gender-based violence (Iceland) (Zambia);
58.255 Adopt a comprehensive law against gender-based violence and criminalize marital rape (South Africa);
58.256 Promote a comprehensive law on gender-based violence, with provisions against domestic violence, child marriage and female genital mutilation (Colombia);
58.257 Strengthen the legal framework to combat gender-based violence and eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls by criminalizing marital rape and eradicating female genital mutilation (Portugal);
58.258 Adopt and implement a comprehensive law on sexual and gender-based violence, including female genital mutilation (Estonia);
58.259 Address gaps in the legislative framework to combat gender-based violence against women and girls (Maldives);
58.260 Amend the Criminal Code to explicitly criminalize marital rape (Denmark);
58.261 Criminalize marital rape (Montenegro);
58.262 Continue to enforce laws that combat gender-based violence and harmful traditional practices (Cyprus);
58.263 Strengthen efforts to prevent and eliminate violence against women and girls, including legislation to criminalize it, end female genital mutilation and address conflict-related sexual violence (Finland);
58.264 Strengthen the implementation of its laws and measures addressing gender-based violence and harmful traditional practices, particularly against women and children (Thailand);
58.265 Take effective measures towards the eradication of sexual and gender ‑ based violence, including through criminalizing marital rape, and finalizing and implementing the women and peace and security action plan (Germany);
58.266 Implement the national policy on gender equality and women’s empowerment and the national road map to end child marriage, female genital mutilation and cutting (Ireland);
58.267 Continue its national plan for the elimination of child marriage and female genital mutilation (Burundi);
58.268 Continue developing and implementing measures to end child marriage and female genital mutilation and fully implement the national five-year policy and strategy on gender-based violence prevention and response (Croatia);
58.269 Undertake effective measures to eliminate female genital mutilation and child, early and forced marriage (Poland);
58.270 Strengthen the gender-responsive budgeting framework in order to better address gender-based violence (Kenya);
58.271 Continue efforts to protect women and girls and safeguard them from all forms of violence (Tunisia);
58.272 Continue efforts to enhance protection for women and children, particularly in preventing gender-based violence and ensuring educational access (Mozambique);
58.273 Strengthen efforts to combat sexual and gender violence (Malawi);
58.274 Further bolster initiatives to combat sexual and gender-based violence, including domestic violence, female genital mutilation and other harmful traditional practices (Philippines);
58.275 Continue to take measures to address all forms of violence against women and girls (Mauritania);
58.276 Strengthen programmes to prevent violence against women and girls (Morocco);
58.277 Take measures to accelerate progress to end gender-based violence and harmful practices against women and girls, including early, child and forced marriage and female genital mutilation (Italy);
58.278 Continue measures to combat discriminatory practices against women and girls, including gender- and ethnicity-based violence (India);
58.279 Take the necessary measures to eliminate sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls and provide members of the judiciary, prosecutors and law enforcement officials with effective training on gender ‑ sensitive investigation and interrogation procedures in cases of sexual and gender-based violations (Mongolia);
58.280 Prevent and combat conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence, including by protecting and supporting victims, prosecuting perpetrators and combating impunity (Switzerland);
58.281 Take steps to implement programmes to support victims of the recent conflict, especially survivors of conflict-related sexual violence, by establishing reporting centres for the survivors and ensuring the prosecution of perpetrators to address impunity (Ghana);
58.282 Take measures to address sexual and gender-based violence, most predominantly against women and girls, particularly in conflict and post-conflict areas (New Zealand);
58.283 Take measures to address sexual and gender-based violence and abuse against women and girls, particularly in conflict and post-conflict areas (Australia);
58.284 Adopt measures to ensure access to justice and medical and psychosocial assistance for victims of sexual and gender-based violence (Mexico);
58.285 Ensure that survivors of gender-based violence are included in government decision-making processes on issues that affect them, including the ongoing transitional justice process (Norway);
58.286 Ensure that women and girls who are survivors of rape and other forms of sexual violence, including conflict-related sexual violence, participate in decision-making processes that affect them, including the ongoing transitional justice process (Panama);
58.287 Carry out awareness-raising campaigns against gender-based violence in all its forms and, especially, against sexual violence used as a weapon of war by the armed forces (Spain);
58.288 Intensify awareness-raising programmes to address the root causes of harmful traditional practices that perpetuate gender-based violence (Zimbabwe);
58.289 Continue providing effective human rights training to members of the judiciary, prosecutors and law enforcement agents, especially on women’s rights and on preventing and fighting violence against women (Lebanon);
58.290 Strengthen the juvenile justice system to ensure its full compliance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Mali);
58.291 Promote the rights and welfare of children, particularly of those from vulnerable backgrounds (India);
58.292 Strengthen efforts and actions to address exploitation and violence against children (Mauritania);
58.293 Enhance the education system to include children from marginalized communities and those with disabilities (Jordan);
58.294 Endorse the Safe Schools Declaration to protect students and schools in conflict zones (Panama);
58.295 Intensify awareness-raising efforts regarding birth registration and address the requirement for the presence of both parents during the process (South Africa);
58.296 Detect and eradicate the recruitment and use of child soldiers (Montenegro);
58.297 Develop and adopt a comprehensive legal framework to strengthen and mainstream the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities (Bulgaria);
58.298 Expedite the adoption of the draft disability proclamation to strengthen and mainstream legal protections for persons with disabilities (South Sudan);
58.299 Promote the rights of persons with disabilities and ensure that they are better integrated into society, including with regard to access to appropriate education and healthcare (Jordan);
58.300 Continue its efforts to make sure that its policies, strategies, laws and development programmes provide for equal opportunity, full participation and necessary services for persons with disabilities (Azerbaijan);
58.301 Continue development programmes and strategies that ensure the full participation of persons with disabilities (Burundi);
58.302 Improve access to and the quality of education, with a special focus on women and girls and persons with disabilities (Pakistan);
58.303 Improve coordination of efforts for access to and participation in quality education for children and young persons with disabilities (Finland);
58.304 Redouble efforts to address discrimination against minority ethnic groups and Indigenous communities and continue to promote their participation in public and political affairs (Zimbabwe);
58.305 Take measures to combat discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities and ensure their access to effective social services (Holy See);
58.306 Decriminalize same-sex sexual relations between consenting adults (Brazil);
58.307 Decriminalize same-sex sexual relations between consenting adults under the 2004 Criminal Code and ban “conversion therapies” (Iceland);
58.308 Decriminalize consensual sexual relations between adults of the same sex and promote a legal framework that protects against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity (Mexico);
58.309 Decriminalize consensual sexual relations between adults of the same sex and prevent and combat all forms of discrimination and violence against LGBTI persons (Spain);
58.310 Raise awareness to combat prejudice, stigmatization, and violence against LGBT+ persons (Norway);
58.311 Establish an institution dedicated to the promotion, protection and implementation of durable solutions for internally displaced persons and allocate a sufficient budget thereto (Luxembourg);
58.312 Adopt national legislation on the protection of internally displaced persons and establish a dedicated national institution (France);
58.313 Provide immediate and unrestricted access to food, healthcare, and shelter for all internally displaced persons, with a focus on vulnerable groups, including women and children (Republic of Korea);
58.314 Incorporate the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) into domestic law and take the necessary measures to ensure protection and assistance to internally displaced persons (Switzerland);
58.315 Undertake additional efforts to help improve the livelihoods of displaced persons, including through facilitating their access to education (Japan);
58.316 Enhance efforts to address internal displacement and conflict-related human rights issues (Kenya).
59. All conclusions and/or recommendations contained in the present report reflect the position of the submitting State(s) and/or the State under review. They should not be construed as endorsed by the Working Group as a whole.
Annex
Composition of the delegation
The delegation of Ethiopia was headed by State Minister of Justice Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, H.E. Mr. Belayihun Yirga Kifle and composed of the following members:
H.E. Amb. Misganu Arga Moach, State Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
H.E. Dr. Dereje Deguma Gemeda, State Minister, Ministry of Health of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
H.E. Mr. Tsegab Kebebew Daka, Ambassador, Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Permanent Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other International Organizations in Switzerland;
Ms. Teyiba Hassen Kayo, Director General, Refugees and Returnees Service;
H.E. Amb. Reta Alemu Nega,Director General,Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
H.E. Mr. Haileselassie Subba Gebru, Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative Permanent Mission of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other International Organizations in Switzerland;
Mr. Henok Tesfaye Tefera, Director General,Civil Justice Administration, Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Mesker Tariku Yirefu, Head of the Office of the Minister of Justice, Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Asseged Ayalew Shibeshi,Chief of Staff, State Minister's Office, Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Yesuf Jemaw Seide, Director, International Cooperation on Legal Affairs, Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Awel Sultan Mohammed, Head, Human Rights Action Plan Coordination Office, Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Amanuel Tadesse Dekeba, Advisor, State Minister's Office, Ministry of Justice of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Ms. Meakdelawit Taye Alemayehu, Director for Human Rights, Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Ms. Semira Mohammedzein Siraj, Member of the UPR Report Drafting Team, Ministry of Health of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Ms. Sara Sisay Temesgen, Member of the UPR Drafting Team, Refugees and Returnees Service of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Genet Abeble Dagnew, Member of the UPR Drafting Team, Ministry of Women & Social Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;
Mr. Andualem Yalelet Tessema, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other International Organisations in Switzerland.